![]() Disparities in distribution of particulate matter emission sources by race and poverty status. ![]() Temporal trends in air pollution exposure inequality in Massachusetts. Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States. 5 and mortality in 207 US cities: modification by temperature and city characteristics. Kioumourtzoglou, M.-A., Schwartz, J., James, P., Dominici, F. 5 and mortality among older adults in the southeastern US. Evidence on vulnerability and susceptibility to health risks associated with short-term exposure to particulate matter: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. Our study is observational and cannot provide insight into the drivers of the identified disparities.Ĭohen, A. Our findings suggest that more-targeted PM 2.5 reductions are necessary to provide all people with a similar degree of protection from environmental hazards. Furthermore, disparities in exposure relative to safety standards set by the US Environmental Protection Agency 19 and the World Health Organization 20 have been increasing over time. Moreover, areas with low-income populations have been consistently exposed to higher average PM 2.5 levels than areas with high-income groups for the years 2004–2016. We show that areas with higher-than-average white and Native American populations have been consistently exposed to average PM 2.5 levels that are lower than areas with higher-than-average Black, Asian and Hispanic or Latino populations. We analyse the data at the tabulation area level of US zip codes ( N is approximately 32,000) between 20. Here we develop a data platform that links demographic data (from the US Census Bureau and American Community Survey) and PM 2.5 data 18 across the USA. ![]() Moreover, disparities in exposure to air pollution among population and income groups are known to exist 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Racial/ethnic minorities and lower-income groups in the USA are at a higher risk of death from exposure to PM 2.5 than are other population/income groups 2, 3, 4, 5. Air pollution contributes to the global burden of disease, with ambient exposure to fine particulate matter of diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) being identified as the fifth-ranking risk factor for mortality globally 1.
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